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- <div class="section" id="celery-distributed-task-queue-for-django">
- <h1>celery - Distributed Task Queue for Django.<a class="headerlink" href="#celery-distributed-task-queue-for-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
- <table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
- <col class="field-name" />
- <col class="field-body" />
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Version:</th><td class="field-body">0.3.20</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <div class="section" id="introduction">
- <h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> is a distributed task queue framework for Django.</p>
- <p>It is used for executing tasks <em>asynchronously</em>, routed to one or more
- worker servers, running concurrently using multiprocessing.</p>
- <p>It is designed to solve certain problems related to running websites
- demanding high-availability and performance.</p>
- <p>It is perfect for filling caches, posting updates to twitter, mass
- downloading data like syndication feeds or web scraping. Use-cases are
- plentiful. Implementing these features asynchronously using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> is
- easy and fun, and the performance improvements can make it more than
- worthwhile.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="overview">
- <h2>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>This is a high level overview of the architecture.</p>
- <img alt="http://cloud.github.com/downloads/ask/celery/Celery-Overview-v4.jpg" src="http://cloud.github.com/downloads/ask/celery/Celery-Overview-v4.jpg" />
- <p>The broker is an AMQP server pushing tasks to the worker servers.
- A worker server is a networked machine running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celeryd</span></tt>. This can be one or
- more machines, depending on the workload. See <a class="reference internal" href="#a-look-inside-the-worker">A look inside the worker</a> to
- see how the worker server works.</p>
- <p>The result of the task can be stored for later retrieval (called its
- “tombstone”).</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="features">
- <h2>Features<a class="headerlink" href="#features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <ul class="simple">
- <li>Uses AMQP messaging (RabbitMQ, ZeroMQ) to route tasks to the
- worker servers.</li>
- <li>You can run as many worker servers as you want, and still
- be <em>guaranteed that the task is only executed once.</em></li>
- <li>Tasks are executed <em>concurrently</em> using the Python 2.6
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></tt> module (also available as a back-port
- to older python versions)</li>
- <li>Supports <em>periodic tasks</em>, which makes it a (better) replacement
- for cronjobs.</li>
- <li>When a task has been executed, the return value can be stored using
- either a MySQL/Oracle/PostgreSQL/SQLite database, Memcached,
- or Tokyo Tyrant back-end.</li>
- <li>If the task raises an exception, the exception instance is stored,
- instead of the return value.</li>
- <li>All tasks has a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), which is the
- task id, used for querying task status and return values.</li>
- <li>Supports <em>task-sets</em>, which is a task consisting of several sub-tasks.
- You can find out how many, or if all of the sub-tasks has been executed.
- Excellent for progress-bar like functionality.</li>
- <li>Has a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">map</span></tt> like function that uses tasks, called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dmap</span></tt>.</li>
- <li>However, you rarely want to wait for these results in a web-environment.
- You’d rather want to use Ajax to poll the task status, which is
- available from a URL like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery/<task_id>/status/</span></tt>. This view
- returns a JSON-serialized data structure containing the task status,
- and the return value if completed, or exception on failure.</li>
- <li>The worker can collect statistics, like, how many tasks has been
- executed by type, and the time it took to process them. Very useful
- for monitoring and profiling.</li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="api-reference-documentation">
- <h2>API Reference Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#api-reference-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://ask.github.com/celery/">API Reference</a> is hosted at Github
- (<a class="reference external" href="http://ask.github.com/celery">http://ask.github.com/celery</a>)</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="installation">
- <h2>Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>You can install <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> either via the Python Package Index (PyPI)
- or from source.</p>
- <p>To install using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></tt>,:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ pip install celery</pre>
- </div>
- <p>To install using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span></tt>,:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ easy_install celery</pre>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="downloading-and-installing-from-source">
- <h3>Downloading and installing from source<a class="headerlink" href="#downloading-and-installing-from-source" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>Download the latest version of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> from
- <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/celery/">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/celery/</a></p>
- <p>You can install it by doing the following,:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ tar xvfz celery-0.0.0.tar.gz
- $ cd celery-0.0.0
- $ python setup.py build
- # python setup.py install # as root</pre>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="using-the-development-version">
- <h3>Using the development version<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-development-version" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>You can clone the repository by doing the following:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ git clone git://github.com/ask/celery.git celery</pre>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="usage">
- <h2>Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <div class="section" id="installing-rabbitmq">
- <h3>Installing RabbitMQ<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-rabbitmq" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.rabbitmq.com/install.html">Installing RabbitMQ</a> over at RabbitMQ’s website. For Mac OS X
- see <a class="reference external" href="http://playtype.net/past/2008/10/9/installing_rabbitmq_on_osx/">Installing RabbitMQ on OS X</a>.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="setting-up-rabbitmq">
- <h3>Setting up RabbitMQ<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-rabbitmq" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>To use celery we need to create a RabbitMQ user, a virtual host and
- allow that user access to that virtual host:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ rabbitmqctl add_user myuser mypassword
- $ rabbitmqctl add_vhost myvhost</pre>
- </div>
- <p>From RabbitMQ version 1.6.0 and onward you have to use the new ACL features
- to allow access:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p myvhost myuser "" ".*" ".*"</pre>
- </div>
- <p>See the RabbitMQ <a class="reference external" href="http://www.rabbitmq.com/admin-guide.html">Admin Guide</a> for more information about <a class="reference external" href="http://www.rabbitmq.com/admin-guide.html#access-control">access control</a>.</p>
- <p>If you are still using version 1.5.0 or below, please use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">map_user_vhost</span></tt>:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ rabbitmqctl map_user_vhost myuser myvhost</pre>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="configuring-your-django-project-to-use-celery">
- <h3>Configuring your Django project to use Celery<a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-your-django-project-to-use-celery" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>You only need three simple steps to use celery with your Django project.</p>
- <ol class="arabic">
- <li><p class="first">Add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt>.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first">Create the celery database tables:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python manage.py syncdb</pre>
- </div>
- </li>
- <li><dl class="first docutils">
- <dt>Configure celery to use the AMQP user and virtual host we created</dt>
- <dd><p class="first">before, by adding the following to your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></tt>:</p>
- <div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">AMQP_SERVER</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"localhost"</span>
- <span class="n">AMQP_PORT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">5672</span>
- <span class="n">AMQP_USER</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"myuser"</span>
- <span class="n">AMQP_PASSWORD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"mypassword"</span>
- <span class="n">AMQP_VHOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"myvhost"</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </dd>
- </dl>
- </li>
- </ol>
- <p>That’s it.</p>
- <p>There are more options available, like how many processes you want to process
- work in parallel (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CELERY_CONCURRENCY</span></tt> setting), and the backend used
- for storing task statuses. But for now, this should do. For all of the options
- available, please consult the <a class="reference external" href="http://ask.github.com/celery/">API Reference</a></p>
- <p><strong>Note</strong>: If you’re using SQLite as the Django database back-end,
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celeryd</span></tt> will only be able to process one task at a time, this is
- because SQLite doesn’t allow concurrent writes.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="running-the-celery-worker-server">
- <h3>Running the celery worker server<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-celery-worker-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>To test this we’ll be running the worker server in the foreground, so we can
- see what’s going on without consulting the logfile:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python manage.py celeryd</pre>
- </div>
- <p>However, in production you probably want to run the worker in the
- background, as a daemon:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python manage.py celeryd --detach</pre>
- </div>
- <p>For a complete listing of the command line arguments available, with a short
- description, you can use the help command:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python manage.py help celeryd</pre>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="defining-and-executing-tasks">
- <h3>Defining and executing tasks<a class="headerlink" href="#defining-and-executing-tasks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p><strong>Please note</strong> All of these tasks has to be stored in a real module, they can’t
- be defined in the python shell or ipython/bpython. This is because the celery
- worker server needs access to the task function to be able to run it.
- So while it looks like we use the python shell to define the tasks in these
- examples, you can’t do it this way. Put them in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tasks</span></tt> module of your
- Django application. The worker server will automatically load any <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tasks.py</span></tt>
- file for all of the applications listed in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt>.
- Executing tasks using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delay</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apply_async</span></tt> can be done from the
- python shell, but keep in mind that since arguments are pickled, you can’t
- use custom classes defined in the shell session.</p>
- <p>While you can use regular functions, the recommended way is to define
- a task class. This way you can cleanly upgrade the task to use the more
- advanced features of celery later.</p>
- <p>This is a task that basically does nothing but take some arguments,
- and return a value:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">celery.task</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Task</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">celery.registry</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">tasks</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"myapp.mytask"</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_arg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">logger</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_logger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Did something: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">some_arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mf">42</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyTask</span><span class="p">)</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Now if we want to execute this task, we can use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delay</span></tt> method of the
- task class (this is a handy shortcut to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apply_async</span></tt> method which gives
- you greater control of the task execution).</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myapp.tasks</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MyTask</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTask</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">)</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>At this point, the task has been sent to the message broker. The message
- broker will hold on to the task until a celery worker server has successfully
- picked it up.</p>
- <p>Right now we have to check the celery worker logfiles to know what happened with
- the task. This is because we didn’t keep the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AsyncResult</span></tt> object returned
- by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delay</span></tt>.</p>
- <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AsyncResult</span></tt> lets us find the state of the task, wait for the task to
- finish and get its return value (or exception if the task failed).</p>
- <p>So, let’s execute the task again, but this time we’ll keep track of the task:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyTask</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"do_something"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"foo bar baz"</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ready</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># returns True if the task has finished processing.</span>
- <span class="go">False</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="c"># task is not ready, so no return value yet.</span>
- <span class="go">None</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># Waits until the task is done and return the retval.</span>
- <span class="go">42</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span>
- <span class="go">42</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">successful</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># returns True if the task didn't end in failure.</span>
- <span class="go">True</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>If the task raises an exception, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result.success()</span></tt> will be <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>,
- and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result.result</span></tt> will contain the exception instance raised.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="auto-discovery-of-tasks">
- <h3>Auto-discovery of tasks<a class="headerlink" href="#auto-discovery-of-tasks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> has an auto-discovery feature like the Django Admin, that
- automatically loads any <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tasks.py</span></tt> module in the applications listed
- in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt>. This autodiscovery is used by the celery
- worker to find registered tasks for your Django project.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="periodic-tasks">
- <h3>Periodic Tasks<a class="headerlink" href="#periodic-tasks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>Periodic tasks are tasks that are run every <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">n</span></tt> seconds.
- Here’s an example of a periodic task:</p>
- <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">celery.task</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">PeriodicTask</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">celery.registry</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">tasks</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyPeriodicTask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PeriodicTask</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"foo.my-periodic-task"</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">run_every</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">...</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">logger</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_logger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Running periodic task!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">...</span>
- <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyPeriodicTask</span><span class="p">)</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p><strong>Note:</strong> Periodic tasks does not support arguments, as this doesn’t
- really make sense.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="a-look-inside-the-worker">
- <h2>A look inside the worker<a class="headerlink" href="#a-look-inside-the-worker" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <img alt="http://cloud.github.com/downloads/ask/celery/InsideTheWorker-v2.jpg" src="http://cloud.github.com/downloads/ask/celery/InsideTheWorker-v2.jpg" />
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="getting-help">
- <h2>Getting Help<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-help" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <div class="section" id="mailing-list">
- <h3>Mailing list<a class="headerlink" href="#mailing-list" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>For discussions about the usage, development, and future of celery,
- please join the <a class="reference external" href="http://groups.google.com/group/celery-users/">celery-users</a> mailing list.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="irc">
- <h3>IRC<a class="headerlink" href="#irc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>Come chat with us on IRC. The <a class="reference external" href="irc://irc.freenode.net/celery">#celery</a> channel is located at the <a class="reference external" href="http://freenode.net">Freenode</a>
- network.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="bug-tracker">
- <h2>Bug tracker<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-tracker" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>If you have any suggestions, bug reports or annoyances please report them
- to our issue tracker at <a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/ask/celery/issues/">http://github.com/ask/celery/issues/</a></p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="contributing">
- <h2>Contributing<a class="headerlink" href="#contributing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>Development of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt> happens at Github: <a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/ask/celery">http://github.com/ask/celery</a></p>
- <p>You are highly encouraged to participate in the development
- of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">celery</span></tt>. If you don’t like Github (for some reason) you’re welcome
- to send regular patches.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="license">
- <h2>License<a class="headerlink" href="#license" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>This software is licensed under the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">New</span> <span class="pre">BSD</span> <span class="pre">License</span></tt>. See the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LICENSE</span></tt>
- file in the top distribution directory for the full license text.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="sphinxsidebar">
- <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
- <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
- <ul>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="">celery - Distributed Task Queue for Django.</a><ul>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#features">Features</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#api-reference-documentation">API Reference Documentation</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#installation">Installation</a><ul>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#downloading-and-installing-from-source">Downloading and installing from source</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#using-the-development-version">Using the development version</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#usage">Usage</a><ul>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#installing-rabbitmq">Installing RabbitMQ</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#setting-up-rabbitmq">Setting up RabbitMQ</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#configuring-your-django-project-to-use-celery">Configuring your Django project to use Celery</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#running-the-celery-worker-server">Running the celery worker server</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#defining-and-executing-tasks">Defining and executing tasks</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#auto-discovery-of-tasks">Auto-discovery of tasks</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#periodic-tasks">Periodic Tasks</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#a-look-inside-the-worker">A look inside the worker</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#getting-help">Getting Help</a><ul>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#mailing-list">Mailing list</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#irc">IRC</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#bug-tracker">Bug tracker</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#contributing">Contributing</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="#license">License</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <h4>Previous topic</h4>
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- title="previous chapter">Celery - The Django Task Queue</a></p>
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